Essay on Examining Stigmas Towards Children With Mental...

Research seeks to find understanding and answers to questions. Quantitative research can provide insight, explanation, and validity to many of these. There are some areas in nursing that have been less studied such as mental health in children. With the increase of mental health services and psychopharmacology utilization among children a need has arisen for understanding the potential barriers to care that may exist. Often these barriers are represented as stigmas and negative attitudes. Jensen, Martin, McLeod, Perry and Pescosolido (2007) sought to explore the area of children’s mental health. In Jensen et al.’s (2007) article, â€Å"Stigmatizing Attitudes and Beliefs About Treatment and Psychiatric Medications for Children With Mental†¦show more content†¦The population chosen by Jensen et al (2007) was â€Å"a representative sample of the U.S. population† (p.613). A self-weighting sample of 1,393 noninstitutionalized adult participants from t he National Stigma Study-Children was chosen as the population to be studied (Jensen et al, 2007). In Jensen et al.’s exploratory correlational study, an intervention was not identified nor utilized. Interviews were conducted using a survey as the method for data collection to explore the issue and an analysis was performed to explore possible correlations amongst the variables (Jensen et al, 2007). Considered outcomes for Jensen et al.’s (2007) study were not identified by the authors. Potential outcomes considered by this writer for Jensen et al.’s study included the results showing a correlation, or lack of, between the dependent variables of perception of stigma and use of psychiatric medications and the independent variable listed in Jensen et al.’s study. The possible outcome of Jensen et al.’s research adding strength to support the hypothesis, was not considered by this writer since the interview surveys did not include questions pertaini ng to receptiveness or compliance of mental health treatment or medications; therefore the correlation theses stigmas may have on the providers’ ability and effectiveness to treat treatment cannot be determined. Research Design Jensen et al.’s (2007) study was not a randomized controlled trial. It did notShow MoreRelatedPanic Attacks: A Serious Health Problem in the US1637 Words   |  7 Pageshave panic disorder (Panic Attacks, 2012). Even though there are not specific causes for panic attacks in adults or children, like most other emotional indications, panic is measured to be the result of a mixture of biological vulnerabilities, ways of thinking, and social stressors. 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Oil and Gas Industry in Kazakhastan Free Essays

Kazakhstan is one of Central Asia’s most successful and dynamic economies. More than hundred U.S. We will write a custom essay sample on Oil and Gas Industry in Kazakhastan or any similar topic only for you Order Now companies are operating in this country, through subsidiaries, JVs, liasion offices or as contractors. While most of them are found in the energy sector, many of them are service sector firms (e.g. international law firms, accounting firms, Banks like Citibank, American Express bank etc.). There are companies in telecom, sector, consumer goods and others. Kazakhastan provides excellent business opportunities in the fields of Oil and Gas, Power, Telecom, Medical instruments, Controlling Pollution, Agro-Machinery, Food, Construction and Mining. Kazakhstan has implemented important structural reforms during the past few years with an objective to transform its economy into a robust, market-driven business environment. However, some of the issues concering the development are- corruption, inconsistent customs regulations, inconsistency in interpretation of law, red tapism, work permit limitations for managerial and technical staff, amendments in laws increasing government interference etc. Many of these concerns are on legal innovations, which are aimed at creating changes in prevailing contracts e.g. â€Å"the Government has recently adopted legislation giving it preemptive rights in both existing and future contracts in the event that shareholders in oil field consortia want to sell shares, even if other partners have a contractual right of first offer†. Similarly, the Government adopted a telecom regulation that limited foreign equity in telecom companies to forty-nine percent.   (http://www.buyusa.gov/kazakhstan/ en/doing_business_kazakhstan.html) Kazakhstan is perceived as an evolving economy surmounting the heritage of the Soviet economy through constant dedication to economic liberalization and upholding a striking investment climate through practical policy choices and support with the West. The IMF called Kazakhstan’s firm macroeconomic stabilization actions â€Å"appropriate and far-sighted.† Of all the ex-Soviet economies, Kazakhstan is rated first in FDI as a percentage of gross domestic produce and next only to Hungary in per capita foreign direct investment. Because of its thriving reforms, liberal trade practices, and capability to draw external financing, the economy is booming. Kazakhstan is a signatory to the World Trade Organization. (http://www.kazakhembus.com/Stable_Free_Market_Economy.html) Kazakhstan’s economy registered a growth rate of 8.5% in 2006. GDP grew by 9.4 percent in 2005, by 9.1 percent in 2004, by 9.2 percent in 2003 and by 9.5 percent in 2002. Kazakhstan’s financial policy has been well administered. Since 2001, the inflation has been under check and well controlled. In 2006, it was 8.6 percent, 7.5 percent in 2005 and during 2001-2003 it was 6.4 percent, 6.6 percent and 6.8 percent respectively. Due to strong macroeconomic show and financial strength, Kazakhstan became the first former Soviet country to settle all of its debt to IMF in 2000, seven years before schedule. The U.S. Department of Commerce has recognized Kazakhstan as a market economy under U.S. trade law since 2002. This is the result of effective market economy reforms in the domains of â€Å"currency convertibility, wage rate determination, openness to foreign investment, and government control over the means of production and allocation of resources†. Kazakhstan became the first economy from the ex- Soviet Union to get an â€Å"investment-grade† credit rating from a leading global credit rating agency in 2002. Projected external borrowings in 2005 were $41.66 billion. In 2004, Kazakhstan’s gross foreign borrowings were approximately $26.03 billion. Kazakhstan has been able to check the ratio of borrowings to Gross Domestic Produce in recent years. In 2005, total governmental debt was 8.9 percent of GDP whereas this ratio in 2000 stood at 21.7 percent of GDP. Kazakhstan has copious natural wealth with a whole prospective value projected at $8.7 trillion. Specially, Kazakhstan’s hydrocarbon reserves are enormous and are expected to be next only to Saudi Arabia and Iraq. Oil and gas is the most important economic sector. Oil exports have pushed the economic development and have already drawn considerable international investment of over US$ 8 billion since 1993. The Tengiz oil field, was promoted by the TengizChevrOil a joint venture company established by the Kazak government and Chevron in 1993. Exxon Mobil and LukArco have also joined the venture to further develop the said project. TegizChevrOil is the major foreign venture in Kazakhstan. Though Kazakhstan’s present oil output of nearly 1.2 million barrels/day is comparitively small, oil reserves found offshore in the North Caspian, together with onshore sites currently being developed, put it among major oil exporter over the medium term. The total output of oil and gas condensate in the country totaled to 61.9 million tons in the year 2005 registering a growth of 4.3 percent over 2004. Total exports of oil and gas condensate were 52.4 million tons per annum in both 2004 and 2005. The total output of natural gas in Kazakhstan in 2005 equaled 14.5 billion cubic meters, registering a growth of 25 percent over the same in 2004. Kazakhstan has reserves of about 4 billion tons of confirmed recoverable oil and 3 trillion cubic meters of gas. Industry forecaster consider that planned development of oil production, together with the expansion of new fields, will facilitate the country to generate as much as three million barrels per day by the year 2015, elating Kazakhstan into the position among the world’s top ten oil-producing countries. Kazakhstan’s exported oil valued at US$17.4 billion in 2005, which constituted 70% of total exports from the country. In Kazakhstan, most important oil and gas fields and their producible oil reserves are: â€Å"Tengiz (7 billion barrels); Karachaganak (8 billion barrels and 1,350 billion cubic meters of natural gas); and Kashagan (7-9 billion barrels)†. From 2004, the Government of Kazakhstan augmented its catch of oil deals by rising levy of new oil projects. (http://www.kazakhembus.com/Enormous_Energy_Reserves.html) It was in 1899, when oil was first revealed in Atyrau. Since then, the affiliation with the West has been essential to energy resource growth in Kazakhstan. The first oil well, â€Å"Karachungul well†, had a depth of about forty meter and daily produced approximately 150 barrels. Alfred Nobel had developed it in association with Russian industrial companies. This grew to fifteen operating wells 1912, and each well generated about 306-346 barrels per day usually. The new development also included a transit system for transporting 5,453 barrels of oil to Baku per annum through barge. While the appropriate progress of Kazakhstan’s vast oil reserves has been sporadic due to two world wars, a uprising and the conclusion of the Soviet Union, the reality of deep wells and the growth of shipping solutions have remained fundamental to Kazakhstan’s energy equation. Apart from the major oil reserves, â€Å"Karachaganak also has 500 billion cubic meters of natural gas†. The potentially biggest recent discovery of major hydrocarbon reserves is the offshore â€Å"Kashagan† structure. The reserves at this site are expected to be three times more than Tengiz. The group, developing this two thousand  square mile block fourteen thousand feet below the Caspian sea bed comprises of nine companies: â€Å"BP Amoco, ENI, British Gas, Mobil, Shell, Total Fina Elf, Phillips, Statoil and Inpex†. The forecasted extractable reserves of oil are projected to be 7.8 billion tons, and those of natural gas 7.1 billions cubic meter. About seventy percent of these resources are gathered in the western parts of Kazakhstan, and the greater part of the reserves are associated with salt fields and have been found at depths of over 5000 meters. The envisaged reserves of the Kazakhstan part of the Caspian shelf are projected to be around thirteen billion tons of standard fuel but the successful expansion of the Caspian fields necessitates a considerable amount of investment. According to industry experts, the total required investment could be as high as $160 billion, which includes an amount of about $10 billion for the preliminary stage of exploration, including field assessment. As on now, western companies have already pumped in more than US$7 billion. Some limitations to getting investments for discovering the Caspian shelf had been the need of a clarification to the status of Caspian Sea. With signing of the agreement between Kazakhstan and Russia to partition the seafloor of the Caspian along the midline between the two countries, the issue appears to have been resolved. Similar agreements have been signed between Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan, and Azerbaijan and Russia. Envisaged reserves of the Aral basin stand for about two billion tons of standard fuel. The high gas and oil prospective and encouraging geographic location in respect of the basic transportation of groundwater routes makes the Aral basin one of the most significant area with respect to the prospective oil discovery operations. In spite of Kazakhstan’s considerable oil and gas resources, the production and export of hydrocarbons has been inhibited by Kazakhstan’s land-locked position and its considerable reliance on domestic and Russia’s shipping networks for export routes. Kazakhstan is dedicated to the expansion of multiple oil export routes, in order to sustain its impending oil resources of 100-110 billion barrels.   A wide-ranging understanding with the national pipeline operator, Kaztransoil CJSC can be made in order to gain access to the main pipeline system by agreeing to   shipment schedules by the Kazakhstani oil producers. Due to the inadequate capability of the Kazakhstani pipeline system, right to use to the pipeline is established as per the ratio of a particular oil producer’s contribution in the total quantity of oil to be produced in Kazakhstan in a given year. Presently, there are only two in service pipelines: â€Å"the Atyrau-Samara pipeline connects Kazakhstan to the Russian export network, while the CPC pipeline (Tengiz-Novorossiisk) connects the Tengiz field with the Russian port of Novorossiisk on the Black Sea†. Although there are it is largely privately owned pipeline but Russia reserves the right to suspend and enforce limitations on the stream of Kazakhstani oil from the Atyrau-Samara pipeline into Russian transportation network. More importantly, Russian organizations usually have priority access to their export terminals. By becoming a partner to the international BTC (Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan) Consortium that have built a 1,730-kilometer export pipeline with an annual capac ity of 50 million tones, Kazakhstan can improve the scenario. (http://www.kazakhembus.com/Oil.html) The services of nationals and foreign nationals in Kazakhstan are monitored by the Labor Laws, labor relations are monitored by individual employment agreements and, if applicable, collective labor contracts. Employment agreements must be in writing and must obey the rules to the minimum standards prescribed by the Labor Law. Companies usually face problems in hiring managerial and technical staff. Further, they even have to obtain permits to get overseas workers. Kazakhstan has delivered continueous economic development for several years, particularly given the increasing significance of the Caspian Basin as a source for petrochemicals. While the rate of its economic reforms has recently slowed down,   Kazakhstan’s promise to continue and further push the structural transformations aimed at changing its economy into a more market-driven business climate remains of vital importance. Prospective international investors and exporters will prefer to see more repeated and many more success stories in this market in order to invest in the Kazakhstan’s economy. In spite the several issues that still need to be addressed, in this Central Asian country, an increasing number of the U.S. enterprises is of the opinion that Kazakhstan deserves a serious thought by the U.S. exporters. More importantly, considering the strategic significance of the country, it is important for them to be here for being competitive in Central Asia. Resources http://www.kazakhembus.com/Oil.html http://www.allbusiness.com/mining/oil-gas-extraction-crude-petroleum-natural/235547-1.html?yahss=114-2974554-235547 http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5487.htm http://www.bakernet.com/NR/rdonlyres/1E007228-ED7E-4475-8ED7-0BDBA7B76FD3/38334/DBIKazakhstanJan2005.pdf http://www.buyusa.gov/kazakhstan/en/doing_business_kazakhstan.html http://www.cioc.com/ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7015361.stm How to cite Oil and Gas Industry in Kazakhastan, Essay examples

Reading Response Paper free essay sample

The ability to seize money and use it for your agency along tit the ability to seize houses and valuable items alike only to then sell it back to a citizen of your district or use it for the company seems Like an unfair way of doing business. It keeps local law enforcement up to date with the latest technologies along with the specialized trained teams to use the technologies properly. This gives law enforcement the upper hand on drug dealers and other criminal stateless. Another positive attribute to civil forfeiture Is the possible opportunities It brings to he community. Citizens can purchase items at an otherwise impossible price if bought at a retail price. It provides jobs to the community in law enforcement, law offices, and public services. One final possible positive characteristic of this law is the fear it puts into their citizens and mostly, the offspring of citizens. We will write a custom essay sample on Reading Response Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This law is so dreadful that parents, uncles, aunts, grandparents, and other friends and family will look twice at any possible illegal activity happening on their property (if they knew bout the law).This would create a much healthier and friendly neighborhood if citizens were always looking twice and ridding/correcting the bad blood. These are some possible positives of civil forfeiture, It Is not worth the negatives it brings along. This law takes no pity for excuses or situations and puts even the Innocent out of homes and money even for the slightest of crimes when enforcing civil forfeiture. It does more damage than good. It creates unfaithful citizens due to the fact that the away is unfair and dangerous.A lot of the instances where this law has been enforced happen to those who are most dumbfounded by what is going on. It puts families in turmoil and distances relationships. Overall, it is not a fair way of upholding the law and is clearly a way of making money. Under this view, only a corrupt officer would find this fair. In the end, it is not a fair form of deterrence and punishment. It may be an effective way of deterrence but is most certainly not the right way to abilities citizens, especially considering that they are most likely innocent.

Transition from traditional education to online learning

The propagation of the internet has initiated an upward trend in the provision of online courses in the United States. Numerous educational institutions are offering online programs in courses with high demand, notably the Information Systems.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Transition from traditional education to online learning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Among the various business forces that enhance the transition from traditional education to online learning are their affordability, accessibility, effectiveness, and the interaction they offers to their participants. Essentially, 90% of learning entails information transfer from the instructor to the students. The speed of information transfer at any time and anywhere through the internet makes online learning relatively cheap compared to the traditional education system. Latest reports suggest that since 1998, the costs of traditional education in the United States have been soaring at an alarming rate of 5% per annum. However, online learning is exerting downward pressure on these prices. For instance, one community college in Arizona is offering online courses at an affordable cost of $32/credit hour for in-state populace and $67/credit hour for out of state students. Fast acquisition of educational information by students through the internet reduces the time frame for course completion thereby reducing the cost of learning. For example, Officials at University Online Publishing have revealed that online learning reduces the usual 16-week college course to eight weeks making it affordable (Raymond, 2010). The effectiveness of online learning measured by the satisfaction of the learners has influenced the transition from traditional education system tremendously. In many cases, the traditional classroom environment is depicted as teacher centered rather than student centered. The instructor is portrayed as mind numbing lecturer who drones on while the learners sit nonchalantly trying to grasp adequate information for the examination purposes only (Markel, 2004). On the other hand, online learning is acknowledged to be more students centered, collaborative, and provides a democratic learning setting.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Students become self motivated and are able to choose learning activities according to their abilities, interests, and careers. The instructors cease from being lecturers, oracles, and information transmitters to being mentors, facilitators, and guides. Moreover, online learning provides the students with an opportunity to focus extra time and attention on precise content areas thus making it more effective than the traditional system where emphasis on various modules or units of a course are at the instructor’s discretion(Raymond, 2010). In any learning experience, interac tion between the participants is a major component and has become the most persistent construct in distance education. Online learning offers the aspect of interaction that is lacking in the previous system, hence its rapid transition. The interaction through emails, bulletin boards and chat rooms has done away with the place and time barriers between physically distant learners and their tutors (Raymond, 2010). This interaction has helped reestablish the classroom setting and permitted students to learn in their convenient time and place. E-learning is also eliminating isolation, advocating for unanticipated encounters and providing intellectual swap valuable to all (Raymond, 2010). In fact, learners through e-learning are able to obtain individual and instant response from both their peers and instructors. Online learning is evidently more advantageous and is being recognized as a suitable education system. This has lead to an extremely rapid transition from the traditional educat ional system. In fact, recent data indicate that part time learners in higher education supersede the number of full time students (Raymond, 2010). Reference Raymond, K. (2010). Quality and Effectiveness of eLearning: Learning-on-Demand Program  (LoD). New York: McGraw-HillAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Transition from traditional education to online learning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Transition from traditional education to online learning was written and submitted by user Libby Blake to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Treatment of Intangible Assets in Billabong

Treatment of Intangible Assets in Billabong This section of the report is aimed at discussing the treatment of intangible assets in Billabong International Limited. In particular, it is necessary to determine if this treatment complies with the existing Australian accounting standards. Overall, this enterprise recognizes three types of non-monetary and non-physical assets, namely goodwill, brands, and computer software (Billabong, 2011 p 66).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Treatment of Intangible Assets in Billabong specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They are directly related to profit generation. However, one can single out some other intangible assets such as marketing rights, copyrights, patents, customer lists and so forth (Deegan, 2009). They are not quite applicable to this company, but they are of great importance to many modern businesses. On the whole, it is possible to say that the management of Billabong accurately identified each of its non-physica l and non-monetary assets. In this respect, their financial reporting practices are quite appropriate. The company treats these intangible assets in different ways. For instance, they do not amortize goodwill because it has an indefinite life. This means that one cannot determine when their commercial reputation, customer connections, or brand image will stop to bring revenues for the organization. Such practice is quite consistent with Australian as well as International Financial Reporting Standards. This company allocates goodwill to cash-generating units in order to test impairment. It should be noted that they compare the fair value of a unit with its carrying or book value. Again, such methodology is compatible with the standards accounting adopted in Australia (Deegan, 2009). Similarly, Billabong does not calculate the amortization of brands since their economic life can also be indefinite. It should be noted that this enterprise determines the recoverable amounts of cash-gen eration units or CGUs on the basis of value-in-use calculations (Billabong, 2011 p 78). Such calculations require the forecasts of the company’s future financial performance. This method of impairment testing fully conforms to Australian accounting standards (Australian Accounting Standard Board, 2009, p 76). Yet, one needs to take into account that the company’s evaluation of intangible assets, especially brands, relies on sales forecasts. Thus, one has to determine the accuracy of these forecasts. According to their financial reports, they are based on previous experience, market trends, GDP growth or inflation (Billabong, 2011 p 90). Nevertheless, one requires more specific information to assess the feasibility of their forecasts. The only intangible asset that Billabong does amortize is computer software; its amortization period ranges from 3 to 5 years depending on their contractual life. This practice is compatible with the requirements set by Accounting Standard Board (AASB, 2009 b, p 35). At this point, one has to note that there are two distinct terms such as contractual life and useful life.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The first notion can be defined as the period during which the company intends to utilize an asset whereas the second one can be explained as the period when an asset (computer software) is able to generate profit. Useful life can be much shorter than contractual life. Thus, these two notions are not interchangeable. This is why AASB recommends the companies to calculate amortization of the basis of useful rather than contractual life of an asset (AASB, 2009, p 36). In this case, Billabong does not deviate from Australia accounting standards; more likely, they need to specify the duration of amortization period. The thing is that this slightly inaccurate formulation can be confusing to potential inv estors. Another important issue to discuss is the recognition of expenses that are related to intangible assets. One can say that Billabong adopts different approaches to this task. For instance, the company capitalizes the costs related to the acquisition of software (Billabong, 2011 p 66). This approach fully conforms to Australian and International Accounting Standards (IASB 2011, AASB, 2009). One should bear in mind that such method is appropriate only if the company purchases licensed software from third-party contractors. Provided that, the organization independently works on the development of software solutions, its expenditures must be expensed as they occur (IASB, 2011, unpaged). Billabong capitalizes these expenses because such reduction minimizes their negative effect on profitability and overall financial performance of the enterprise. In turn, the costs that the organization occurs in order to develop or enhance their brands are expensed immediately. It should be noted that the costs of internally-developed brands can capitalized only if the company is able to demonstrate their economic feasibility (Benedict, 2001, p 209; IASB, 2011, unpaged). In other words, the organization must demonstrate that the revenues generated by the intangible asset such as brand will fully cover the expenses. As a rule, it is impossible to do if the brand is unknown. Overall, it is possible to say that financial reporting practices adopted by Billabong International Limited do not violate the existing Australian or international standards. This organization provides a complete and accurate representation of its intangible assets such as brands, goodwill, or computer software. It seems that they recognize each of their intangible assets and accurately describe their financial impacts. Their treatment of these assets appears to be quite satisfactory.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Treatment of Intangible Assets in Billabong specifically for y ou for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Australian Accounting Standard Board. (2009) â€Å"AASB 136: Impairment of Assets†. Web. Australian Accounting Standard Board. (2009 b). â€Å"AASB 138: Intangible Assets†. Web. Benedict A. 2001 Practical accounting. London: Pearson Education. Billabong International Limited. (2011). Preliminary Financial Report. Web. Deegan Craig. (2009). Australian Financial Accounting. Melbourne: McGraw-Hill Australia. The International Accounting Standard Board. (2011) â€Å"IAS 38 INTANGIBLE ASSETS†. Web.

Dolni Vestonice - Czech Republic Upper Paleolithic Site

Dolni Vestonice - Czech Republic Upper Paleolithic Site Definition: Dolnà ­ Vestonice (Dohlnee VEST-oh-neets-eh) is a large Upper Paleolithic (Gravettian) occupation, loaded with information about the technology, art, animal exploitation, site settlement patterns and human burial activities of 30,000 years ago. The site lies buried beneath a thick layer of loess, on the slopes of the Pavlov Hills above the Dyje river. The site is near the modern town of Brno in the region of Moravia in the eastern part of what is now the Czech Republic. Artifacts from Doln Vestonice The site has three separate parts (called in the literature DV1, DV2, and DV3), but all of them represent the same Gravettian occupation: they were named after the excavation trenches that were dug to investigate them. Among the features identified at Dolnà ­ Vestonice are hearths, possible structures, and human burials. One grave contains two men and one woman; a lithic tool workshop has also been identified. One grave of an adult woman contained burial goods, including several stone tools, five fox incisors and a mammoth scapula. In addition, a thin layer of red ochre was placed over the bones, indicating a specific burial ritual. Lithic tools from the site include distinctive Gravettian objects, such as backed points, blades and bladelets. Other artifacts recovered from Dolnà ­ Vestonice include mammoth ivory and bone battens, which have been interpreted as loom sticks, evidence of weaving during the Gravettian. Other important finds at Dolni Vestonice include fired-clay figurines, such as the venus illustrated above. Radiocarbon dates on the human remains and charcoal recovered from hearths range between 31,383-30,869 calibrated radiocarbon years before the present (cal BP). Archaeology at Doln Vestonice Discovered in 1922, Dolnà ­ Vestonice was first excavated during the first half of the 20th century. A salvage operation was undertaken in the 1980s, when borrowing of the soil for dam construction was eminent. Much of the original DV2 excavation was destroyed during the dam construction, but the operation which exposed additional Gravettian deposits in the region. Ivestigations in the 1990s were conducted by Petr Ã…  krdla of the Institute of Archaeology at Brno. These excavations continue as part of the Moravian Gate Project, an international project including the Centre for Palaeolithic and Palaeoethnological Research at the Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic and the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research at the University of Cambridge in the UK. Sources This glossary entry is a part of the About.com guide to Upper Paleolithic, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Beresford-Jones D, Taylor S, Paine C, Pryor A, Svoboda J, and Jones M. 2011. Rapid climate change in the Upper Palaeolithic: the record of charcoal conifer rings from the Gravettian site of Dolnà ­ Vestonice, Czech Republic. Quaternary Science Reviews 30(15-16):1948-1964. Formicola V. 2007. From the sunghir children to the Romito dwarf: Aspects of the Upper Paleolithic funerary landscape. Current Anthropology 48(3):446-452. Marciniak A. 2008. Europe, Central and Eastern. In: Pearsall DM, editor. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. New York: Academic Press. p 1199-1210. Soffer O. 2004. Recovering Perishable Technologies through Use Wear on Tools: Preliminary Evidence for Upper Paleolithic Weaving and Net Making. Current Anthropology 45(3):407-424. Tomaskova S. 2003. Nationalism, local histories and the making of data in archaeology. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 9:485-507. Trinkaus E, and Jelinik J. 1997. Human remains from the Moravian Gravettian: the Dolnà ­ Vestonice 3 postcrania. Journal of Human Evolution 33:33–82. Also Known As: Grottes du Pape

Research proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Research Proposal Example Critically ill adults in 8 intensive care units will be enrolled within 24 hrs of intubation in the research with 2 x 2 factorial design. The 2 x 2 factorial design implies that the patients will be divided into two equal groups each comprising of 250 participants. The control group is subjected to tooth brushing technique and the other group antiseptic agent (Chlorhexidine). This number of patients will satisfy the ratio of 30 individuals per variable. Patients excluded from the research are those with a clinical diagnosis of pneumonia at the time of intubation (Munro, Grap, Jones, McClish & Sessler, 2009). The development of VAP will be determined through the use of CPIS (Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score). The rationale for setting this location is to obtain reliable information about prevention of VAP in critically ill adults in the ICU environment. The sampling strategy in this research proposal is probability sampling and in specific the technique employed is the criterion. Probability sampling is the most valid strategy to attain statistical generalization (Gerrish & Lathlean, 2015). Criterion sampling is carried out on the basis of one or more standards for selection. For instance, in this case, the focus is on the use of a toothbrush and antiseptic agent (Chlorhexidine) on critically ill patients in the ICU. Moreover, this strategy will assist to choose participants that are capable of giving results of this research on aspects of prevention of VAP in ICU using oral care hygiene that is poorly understood (Boswell & Cannon, 2014). The research design for this proposal is a parallel trial design. In a research using this design, the parallel groups’ investigations are not limited to a specified period, but rather until either of the treatment group exhibits a clear benefit. These experiments last until the time one treatment is more effective than the other (Gallin & Ognibene, 2012). In this case, the design will investigate the

Rating Your Dimensional Data Warehouse Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rating Your Dimensional Data Warehouse - Article Example While a sum total score of 0 would indicate a system completely unsupportive of a dimensional approach, a score of 20 would indicate a system that is fully supportive of a dimensional approach. The author outlays 12 of the 20 criteria in the article. Some of the criteria that pertain to the Architecture of the Data Warehouse are: Explicit Declaration, Conformed Dimensions and Facts, Dimensional Integrity, Open Aggregate Navigation, Dimensional Symmetry, Dimensional Scalability and Sparsity Tolerance, etc. Kimball explains Open Aggregate Navigation as follows: â€Å"The system uses physically stored aggregates as a way to enhance performance of common queries. These aggregates, like indexes, are chosen silently by the database if they are physically present. End users and application developers do not need to know what aggregates are available at any point in time, and applications are not required to explicitly code the name of an aggregate. All query processes accessing the data, even those from different application vendors, realize the full benefit of aggregate navigation.† (Kimball, 2000) Similarly, some of the criteria that fall under Administration category are: Graceful Modification, Dimensional Replication, Dimension Notification, Surrogate Key Administration, International Consistency, etc. Kimball explains Dimensinal Replication as follows: â€Å"The system supports the explicit replication of a conformed dimension outward from a dimension authority to all the client data marts, in such a way that we can only perform drill-across queries on data marts if they have consistent versions of the dimensions. Aggregates that are affected by changes to the content of a dimension are automatically taken offline in each client data mart until we can make them consistent with the revised dimension and the base fact table.† (Kimball, 2000) One of the impressive aspects of the article is its compact

Exploring Internet Sites Essay Example for Free

Exploring Internet Sites Essay Nowadays Internet became primary informational source for overwhelming majority of people around the world. That is why, in order to earn customer goodwill, enhance the market and promote own goods or services, it is necessary for any enterprise at any market to place easy accessible, correct and comprehensive information about the company, its policies, strategies, products, prospects and so on, into World Wide Web. Official sites of such known companies, as Procter Gamble, Nestle and Unilever are great examples of using advantages of Internet as an effective tool of marketing and promotion. It is remarkable, that these successful companies openly inform their customers about their financial situation and the results of specific researches, offer new career or investment opportunities for any visitor of the site. This definitely works for strengthening their image on global level. To my mind, the most attractive and interesting features for the customers are the sections about the products of the companies and some related fields like nutrition, beauty and style, etc. It is principally important to make information on the site practical and useful for any average or prospective customer. With this purpose, for example, P G is using a very effective slogan â€Å"Expert Advice for Everyday Life†, which really works well, I believe. Undoubtedly, all three sites are very up-to-date and competent. I could not help noticing one obvious disadvantage of them all: extreme overload of information. It makes navigation more complicated for an average customer, who can be an average Internet user as well. Besides, I suppose that the sites of P G and Unilever have too very bright and colorful designs. This can take customer’s mind off the site content and the product itself. Besides, to my mind, it affects seriousness of these companies to some extent. Certainly, Internet sites play important role and significantly contribute into forming consumer preferences and attracting new customers. The main advantage of such sites is making customer- producer communication much faster. When a customer wants to get some information, there is no need to make long phone calls and wait for consultations anymore. Now it is possible to find all necessary data on the site just with a couple of mouse clicks. Bibliography: Nestle. Nestle S. A. 2004. 06 Nov. 2006 http://searchenginewatch. com/searchday/article. php/3398511. Procter Gamble. P G Everyday Solutions. 2006. 06 Nov. 2006 http://www. pg. com/en_US/index. jhtml.   Unilever. Unilever N. V. 2006. 06 Nov. 2006 http://searchenginewatch. com/searchday/article. php/3398511.

Shakespeares Othello Essay - Honest Iago :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Othello

Othello - Honest Iago The most interesting and round character in the tragic play Othello, by William Shakespeare, is "honest" Iago. Through carefully though-out words and actions, Iago manipulates others to do things in which he benefits. Iago is the main driving force in "Othello," pushing several characters towards their tragic end. Iago is not a traditional villain for he plays a unique and complex role. Unlike most villains in tragic plays, evidence of Iago's deception is not clearly visible. Iago is smart and an excellent judge of people and their characters. He uses this keen sense of knowledge to his advantage. For example, Iago knows that Roderigo has feelings for Desdemona and assumes he would do anything to have her as his own. Iago attempts to manipulate Roderigo by saying: It cannot be that Desdemona should long continue her love to the Moor- put money in thy purse- nor he his to her: It is a violent commencement, and thou shalt see and answerable sequestration; put but money in thy purse. [Act I, Scene III]. By playing on Roderigo's hopes, Iago swindles money and jewels from Roderigo, making himself a substantial profit. Iago also says, "Thus do I ever make my fool my purse" [Act I, Scene III] once Roderigo has left. "Honest" Iago cleverly disguises his own goals as Roderigo blindly follows him. Iago continually operates with alterier motives in "Othello." Iago takes advantage of his friendships with Cassio as well as Roderigo. Cassio blindly follows Iago, thinking the entire time that Iago is trying to help him. During this whole time, Iago plans the demise of Cassio, his supposed friend. In order to obtain Cassio's position as lieutenant, Iago convinces Cassio to take another drink, knowing very well that it will make him drunk and disgrace him. Iago obviously tries to tarnish Cassio's   character when he says, "What, man! 'Tis a night of revels: the gallants desire it" [Act II, Scene III]. Iago is able to make Cassio defy his own reasoning and reluctantly take another drink. As a result of his devious scheming, Iago's achieves his goal and Othello terminates Cassio as his lieutenant. Iago successfully manipulates the people around him by building a trust, a trust in which all of Iago's victims believe to be an honest trust. The friendship and honesty Iago falsely imposes upon Othello makes it easy for Othello to never imagine the possibility that Iago has evil motives. Othello holds Iago as his close friend and advisor. He believes Iago to be a person, "of exceeding honesty, [who] knows all qualities,

Comparing the Works of Luhrmann and Zeffirelli

These two films, both interpreting the same play, but portrayed very differently. When comparing the two we have to take into consideration that the time these films were made. Zeffirreli's version was made in 1968, and supposedly set in the 16th century. This version is based mostly on the script and is set in the time Shakespeare would have pictured as he wrote the play. The more recent one, directed by Baz Luhrmann is set in the world of today. In this version Luhrmann relies more on the visual impact on the viewer and the special effects. He is able to achieve this because of the huge budget that films have nowadays. In my opinion he was able to make a film, based on the works of Shakespeare and make it appeal to a wider audience than Zeffirelli. The older version seems more theatrical, meaning that it focuses on only a few main themes. For example, the scene where a Capulet trips up an old Montague man. It uses very basic visual effects for this, but by doing this it is made into a very melodramatic scene. It also keeps in most of the script and is based around it. The first fundamental difference we see is in the opening sequence. I think that the way the openings differ is unique in their own right. The Zeffirelli version in basically filmed in medium camera shots, and rather plain in effects (evidence of the time the film was made in). This means you get to see most things going on. What I found when watching the Zeffirelli version, was that when the slow-moving, calm camera pans over Verona then throws you into a medieval, bustling market is a huge contrast. Because of this change, you get to feel like a bystander, buying your weekly groceries. In both versions, when the camera zooms in on the characters during the opening scenes, you can feel the emotion and the tension, because the viewer is so close. In the Luhrmann version, because the imagination, ideas and amount of money has moved on in time since the Zeffirelli one was made, the camera angles change a lot from wide range, to close up shots. Luhrmann also filmed in wide screen (which has evidently been brought in, in the last 25 years of film-making), which gives the film a modern outlook. The iconography of the helicopter also shows the movement of the times. There is a lot of iconography used in both films, apart from the helicopter. In the Zeffirelli version there is the symbolism of the bell, the church and the Prince and his men riding into the scene on white horses. All these key features a very religious symbols. This is also common in the Luhrmann version because the camera focuses a lot on the huge statue of Christ in Verona. This is evidence that both directors had the same ideas about the importance of religion and different beliefs etc. For example, in Zefirelli's version, the Prince arrives on the scene on a white horse, stopping the fight, keeping the piece. The pure white horse could symbolise the peace, which is relevant to the Prince's purpose. It also focuses on the TV newsreader a couple of times. This is another difference in the opening sequences I realised, how the sonnet is said in each film. In the Zeffirelli one, a man says it when the camera focuses on a beautiful orange sky, and on the fiery red sun, with peaceful music in the background. When it focuses on the sun, the title of the play comes up, as does Zeffirelli's name. Whereas, Luhrmann has again incorporated Shakespeare in a modern day object, a fuzzy television. When the female newsreader narrates the sonnet, the television gradually moves closer and closer, until it takes up the whole screen. When she has finished the television fizzes out, then the music starts up. The camera then flashes back and forth from newspaper headlines about the conflict between the two families, the police helicopters, the names, the statue of Christ etc. the flashes of scenes match the music, and it gradually gets faster and faster. As this is seen, the words of the sonnet come up on the screen (in which every ‘T' is a medieval cross) and then it introduces the characters. It uses the same font throughout the opening scene, which is very effective considering it is in very bold, white letters. When I realised this, it meant that they used the same font for both families suggesting that they are both the same, both wanting the same things. It also focuses a lot on the two names. This occurs when the camera zooms in on the crests of both families' guns, the number plates on each car and the names in huge neon lights on the two highest buildings in ‘Verona'. What struck me the most when comparing the two films is how the music affects the opening scene. The music in the Luhrmann version is a huge, thunderous orchestral soundtrack. This is a perfect background to many huge, quick, sweeping camera shots, as it draws our attention to the vastness of the city. I would say it was a ‘gothic' soundtrack, because the music has a great texture and it emphasizes the ‘colours' of the city. We see a lot of greys, blues and blacks of the city. I also thought that the music enforces intense emotion, which sets the viewer up for the rest of the film. I found that it set a sense of suspense. I realised the importance of the camera shots/angles are and how both directors matched the music opening with the movement of the camera shots. Zeffirelli's version has a serene, calm, lame imitation of Elizabethan music, suitable to the time this film is set in. The music is quite quiet, wind music, quite the opposite to the Luhrmann version. This could be because the director wants the viewer to appreciate the surrounding and the environment the film is set in. Unlike the Luhrmann version, it focuses more on the actors and their speeches than the city. Language and meaning is very similar throughout both versions. This is apparent thought the way the characters act their speeches. For example the Montague boys in the car singing parts of the text to a wild rock song – showing the light hearted attitude of the people in the first few scenes – only until we see the first sign of conflict (the thumb biting in the petrol station). In this scene we witness the rude hate signal of ‘biting thumbs'. In the Zeffirelli version this scene is based exactly like the play itself, in a market place, and keeps in the sexual innuendos. Whereas in the Luhrmann version, this scene is in a modern petrol station, without all the petty language. In the Zeffirelli version, after a short number of sexual innuendos and antagonistic talk, the Capulet servants are the provokers, and with the hate signal of the biting of the thumbs, and the deliberate trip of a Montague. On the other hand, Luhrmanns interpretation of the scene is placed in the world of today set in a modern petrol station. When both cars get to the petrol station, the camera focuses on the sign, ‘Add more fuel to your fire', then after the rebellious looking Montagues provoke Abra into a quarrel, Tybalt starts the fire, and the camera then draws our attention to the sign again when it is alight with flames. This could represent the recklessness of the two gangs, and how all they have set out for is to kill. This could also represent the fact that they have no bounds or restrictions, and that their ruthlessness forces them to attack the other, no matter how much damage they cause. Most of these icons used in both films are very religious and symbolic. This can suggest the theory that maybe there can only be peace upon the death of another. Both directors had the same ideas about the dress codes of the groups, as we can see in the pictures above. They uniformed the characters into their families. In the Zeffirelli version it is the greens vs. red and yellows and in the Luhrmann version it is the sleek, blacks vs. the colourful and very scruffy. These two pictures show the differences of how both directors portray the different characters. Here we have Tybalt Capulet, cousin of Juliet. In both versions Tybalt has quite a laid back demeanour, sure of himself and knows he is the main man. When we compare these two characters, we have to take in to consideration that Zeffirelli's was mad nearly thirty years before the modern one, so think of the difference in budget, the difference in fashion, etc. both are in smart, expensive, very different clothes and the both stand out in the crowd. They both walk and talk in the same sly, powerful, confident manner. Out of all the Capulet boys, Tybalt would definitely be the first to catch your eye. If you compared the Montague boys to the Capulet boys, in both films, the Montague's are a lot scruffier, relaxed in their clothing, they look and act quite weedy, in a way. Both openings have their own positive strengths and weakness, in different ways. The traditional opening is more accurate as it portrays how the author would have seen the story unfolding in 1595, and the language used is accurate for that period. The downside of this is that it is likely to only appeal to scholars of Shakespeare and purists. The modern version however, appeals to a wider audience. Although not based accurately upon the script and entered into a modern context, which the author could not have imagined at the time and in no way intended, it is likely to appeal to a far greater audience who perhaps were not readers of Shakespeare and wouldn't have understood the older version. Helped by stars such as Leonardo Di Caprio the film opens up a whole new appeal to what was considered an old fashioned and to some, uninteresting story.

Confidentiality Notes

Ethical theories and principles that are related to confidentiality are- confidentiality is one of the most basic principles in health care practice and it is the most long-standing ethical dictum in health care codes of ethics. It is the practice of keeping harmful, shameful, or embarrassing patient information within proper bounds. The right to privacy gives legal standing to this ethical principle. ). a reliable test for who among team members should be given certain types of information is need to know basis.It is necessary for one to adequately perform ones specific job responsibilities- meaning that by giving the information does it provide the adequate caring response that is required for the patient) Immediate aims of confidentiality are to: 1. Facilitate the sharing of sensitive information with the goal of helping the patient 2. Exclude unauthorized people from such information 3. Discern need to know information from mere interest when deciding what to share.Confidentialit y serves as one cornerstone for the solid foundation of a trusting health professional-patient relationship that should be built AMA principles of medical ethics states that:- a physician shall respect the rights of patients, of colleagues and of other health professionals and shall safeguard patient confidences within the constrains of the law. This provides a conflict when a physician knows that some secret may be harmful for the patient and yet are bound to keep it.Breaking Confidence- Legal exceptions to the standard of practice that confidences must be kept, except with the patient’s consent or at the patient’s request to break it include * An emergency in which keeping the confidence will harm the patient * Patient is incompetent or incapacitated and a third party needs to be informed for decision making for the patient * Third parties are at a risk for harm (eg. Sexually transmitted diseases, child or other abuses) * Request for commitment or hospitalization of a psychiatrically ill patient * A serious risk that any others may be harmed (a terrorist threat) Eventually breaking of confidence always enlists at least one harm and for health professionals it is to minimize the harm 6 step process in confidentiality situations 1. Step 1- Gather relevant information- 2. Step 2 &3- identify the type of ethical problem and the ethics approach to analyze it 3. Step 4- Explore the practical alternatives 4. Step5- Complete the action 5. Step 6- Evaluate the process and outcomeEthical principles or elements that support confidentiality are * Beneficence * Nonmaleficence or fidelity * Right to autonomy Key character trait is trustworthiness kindness, compassion, and courage to help with the challenging situations. Patient care information systems (PCIS)- is a computerized systems of record of patients that are permanently kept in an electronic form Health information managers- (also known as the gatekeepers of medical records) are key members of the he alth care team.Their primary role is the responsibility for designing and maintaining the system that facilitates the collection, use and dissemination of health and medical information. They ensure that the medical records are correct and kept in privacy and are only given to the health professionals that have the right to see them. They ensure that the records are not abused or released to unauthorized persons. Medical record is an extremely useful document for the health professionals * Can be found both in paper and electronic form They are systematic accounts of a patient’s encounter with a health provider * They serve as a repository of information * Generated by and contributed to by many providers in various health delivery settings * EHR- Electronic health record is an electronic record of patient health information, they often include patient demographics, progress notes, problems, medications, relevant social history, medical history, vital signs, laboratory data a nd diagnostic reports guidelines that are applicable when recording patient information 1. Questionable information should be clearly labeled as questionable 2. True information that is not relevant to should not be recorded 3. All information should be handled among health professionals with regard for the privacy and dignity of patients Confidentiality finally comes down to each professional being vigilant about the flow of patient information, guided by the goal of using information to help the patient.Patient privacy- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 * This act imposed considerable new constraints on the use and disclosure of a patient’s personal clinical information * Major goal of HIPAA is to ensure that an individual’s health information is properly protected while allowing the glow of information needed to promote high-quality care * This set of regulations are called the New Federal Medical Privacy Rule- basic intent is to co ntrol the use or disclosure of â€Å"protected health information† * One area that this rule strongly affects is the handling of information for purposes of research.It has also been interpreted to mean that information about patients (including family members) cannot be released * A â€Å"covered entity† is defined as a health plan, data processing company, health care professional, or hospital The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act- * Parts of this act expanded and strengthened the privacy laws that protect patient health information originally outlined under HIPAA. Provides additional provisions regarding privacy and security breaches, reporting of breaches, accounting of disclosures, restrictions of disclosures for sales and marketing purposes, and monetary penalties associates with HIPAA violations.

J. Robert Oppenheimer, Manhattan Project Director

J. Robert Oppenheimer, Manhattan Project Director J. Robert Oppenheimer (April 22, 1904–February 18, 1967) was a physicist and the director of the Manhattan Project, the United States effort during World War II to create an atomic bomb. Oppenheimers struggle after the war with the morality of building such a destructive weapon epitomized the moral dilemma that faced scientists who worked to create the atomic and hydrogen bombs. Fast Facts: Robert J. Oppenheimer Known For: Leader of the Manhattan Project, which developed the atomic bombAlso Known As: Father of the Atomic BombBorn: April 22, 1904 in New York City,  New YorkParents: Julius Oppenheimer, Ella FriedmanDied: February 18, 1967 in Princeton, New JerseyEducation: Harvard College, Christs College, Cambridge, University of Gà ¶ttingenPublished Works:  Science and the Common Understanding, The Open Mind, The Flying Trapeze: Three Crises for PhysicistsAwards and Honors:  Enrico Fermi Award  Spouse: Katherine Kitty PueningChildren: Peter, KatherineNotable Quote: If atomic bombs are to be added as new weapons to the arsenals of a warring world, or to the arsenals of the nations preparing for war, then the time will come when mankind will curse the names of Los Alamos and Hiroshima. The people of this world must unite or they will perish. Early Life Julius Robert Oppenheimer was born in New York City on April 22, 1904, to Ella Friedman, an artist, and Julius S. Oppenheimer, a textile merchant. The Oppenheimers were German-Jewish immigrants but did not keep religious traditions. Oppenheimer attended the Ethical Culture School in New York. Although J. Robert Oppenheimer easily grasped both the sciences and humanities (and was especially good at languages), he graduated from Harvard in 1925 with a degree in chemistry. Oppenheimer continued his studies and graduated from the University of Gottingen in Germany with a Ph.D. After earning his doctorate, Oppenheimer traveled back to the U.S. and taught physics at the University of California at Berkeley. He became well known for being both a well-regarded teacher and a research physicist- not a common combination. In 1940, Oppenheimer married Katherine Peuning Harrison and their eldest child was born. Harrison, a radical student at Berkeley, was one of many communists in Oppenheimers circle of friends. The Manhattan Project During the beginning of World War II, news arrived in the U.S. that the Nazis were progressing toward the creation of an atomic bomb. Though the Americans were already behind, they believed they could not allow the Nazis to build such a powerful weapon first. In June 1942, Oppenheimer was appointed the director of the Manhattan Project, Americas team of scientists that would work to create an atomic bomb. Oppenheimer threw himself into the project and proved himself not only a brilliant scientist but also an exceptional administrator. He brought the best scientists in the country together at the research facility at Los Alamos, New Mexico. After three years of research, problem-solving,  and original ideas, the first small atomic device was exploded on July 16, 1945, in the lab at Los Alamos. Having proved their concept worked, a larger scale bomb was built and exploded at the Trinity site. Less than a month later, atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. A Problem With His Conscience The massive destruction the bombs inflicted troubled Oppenheimer. He had been so caught up in the challenge of creating something new and the competition between the U.S. and Germany that he- and many of the other scientists working on the project- had not considered the human toll that would be caused by these bombs. After the end of World War II, Oppenheimer began to voice his opposition to creating more atomic bombs and specifically opposed developing a more powerful bomb using hydrogen, known as a hydrogen bomb. Unfortunately, his opposition to the development of these bombs caused the United States Atomic Energy Commission to examine his loyalty and questioned his ties to the Communist Party in the 1930s. The Commission decided to revoke Oppenheimers security clearance in 1954. Award From 1947 to 1966, Oppenheimer worked as the director of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. In 1963, the Atomic Energy Commission recognized Oppenheimers role in the development of atomic research and awarded him the prestigious Enrico Fermi Award. Death Oppenheimer spent his remaining years researching physics and examining the moral dilemmas related to scientists. Oppenheimer died in 1967 at age 62 from throat cancer. Legacy The invention of the atomic bomb had a profound impact on the outcome of World War II and on the ensuing Cold War and arms race. Oppenheimers personal ethical dilemma has become the focus of myriad books and several plays, including In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer. Sources â€Å"J. Robert Oppenheimer (1904 - 1967).†Ã‚  Atomic Archive.â€Å"J. Robert Oppenheimer.†Ã‚  Atomic Heritage Foundation, 22 Apr 1904.â€Å"J. Robert Oppenheimer.†Ã‚  United States History.

How to Use the French Preposition Sans

How to Use the French Preposition Sans The French preposition  sans  means without, indicating a lack in general, an absence, privation or an exclusion.  It can be used with nouns, pronouns, and verbs, and it  appears in many French idiomatic expressions: to signify  without, to express a  condition and to use with an infinitive. Learn how to say homeless, otherwise, barefoot, and more with this partial list of expressions using  sans. There are many, many more. The word sans has also made its way into several English-language terms and expressions, such as  sans serif, describing a font without flourishes or serifs. To Indicate a Lack Il est parti sans moi.He left without me. Sans argent, cest difficile.Its hard without money. sans blagueseriously; all kidding aside; no kidding sans chaussuresbarefoot sans quoi  (informal)otherwise sans attendreright away sans aucun doutewithout a doubt sans additif  additive-free essence sans plomblead-free gasoline sans scrupulesunscrupulous To Say  What Didnt Happen Il est parti sans me parler.He left without saying anything to me.Elle est venue sans à ªtre invità ©e.She came uninvited (without being invited). To Express a Condition Sans mes amis, je serais triste.If it werent for my friends, Id be sad.Sans son assistance, nous ne pourrons pas finir le projet.We wont be able to finished the project without his help. When Used With an Infinitive sans savoirwithout knowing; without being aware   sans plus attendrewithout further ado comprendre sans comprendreto understand without fully understanding To Signify Without and  Translate as un____ Or ____less   un homme sans abrihomeless man sans coeurheartless une femme sans prà ©jugà ©sunbiased woman sans scrupulesunscrupulous

Reflection journal about study abroad Assignment

Reflection journal about study abroad - Assignment Example It is likely that the language spoken will be foreign and the local culture will almost definitely feel alien to them. Students who are unprepared for these challenges or are unwilling to adjust will find themselves constantly getting into trouble. One of the most obvious signs is in students’ behaviors. While it is good to make new friends, if those friends are not focused on their schoolwork then they may lead a foreign student astray. Excessive partying and drinking can have a detrimental effect on a foreign student’s grades and can result in them being sent home. Generally students who are focused more on the social side of things will be less attentive in class or may not even attend regularly at all. Students who have no interest in learning are usually forced into higher education by their parents, who feel proud of their child studying abroad. Thus, the problem is not so much the student but rather their parents. The students who make the most of a study abroad experience are those who obviously want to be there and keep an open mind at all times. It can be a difficult thing to be away from one’s family and friends for a few months, but if a student has already developed good habits then this shouldn’t be much of an obstacle. Of course it will take a few weeks or even a month or two to adjust to the local customs and cultural habits, but if a student has the right attitude then they are far more likely to succeed because of their positive mindset. In fact, for some students who regularly struggle to study in their home countries, going on a study abroad experience may actually be a good thing because it naturally forces them to change their habits because they are in a foreign environment. However, instances like this are rare, and students who are not high achievers already will likely find the going tough in another country. A

Airline Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words - 1

Airline Industry - Essay Example (Step stone case study) Basically, Lufthansa is an airline founded and based in Germany based. The airline has been unwavering to be one of the international companies that will guide the business inside and also through the 21st century (Gardner, 1996). During 1996, that the corporation was observed up-and-coming from an interlude of enormous transformation. Widespread reformation along with its privatization has at the moment geared up the corporation for a bright and promising opportunity within the exceedingly aggressive airline industry. The lines of attacks that have been implemented by the team at Lufthansa to evolve it into a cost-effective association have been triumphant. It was during the year 1994 that Lufthansa marked as being one of the most beneficial period during its entire history and establishment (Gardner; 1996). It also marked the 5 year spin from an unsuccessful state owned corporation to a commercial key international competitor, linking the years 1991 until 1996; this also revealed the competitor abilities that are present within the organization. On the other hand, the association was still inundated by declining profits at the speed of an approximate 2 percent per anum. The dare for Lufthansa is to carry on the transformation procedure in order to place the association at the right point for its longer period continued existence.(Lufthansa .pdf ) Identifying at least two Strategy options Before we outline and evaluate the strategic options for Lufthansa, we need to be aware of the elements that Lufthansa needs to work on: The need to strategically plan, by way of a more planned technique. The corporation needs to be aware of what is it that the airline actually wants to accomplish Secondly, the corporation should be able to assess how they as a corporation will manage their resources that they have to achieve their above set goals. Furthermore, as an international competitor, Lufthansa will need to define their individual function regulations as well as limitations. Now moving onto Porters generic strategies: Competitive Advantage Lower Cost DifferentiationBroad Target Narrow Target Lufthansa's comparative location inside the international airline industry establishes if the corporation along with its productivity is over or else less than the airline business average. The essential foundation of the over average success within the long run is to be able to create a maintained competitive advantage. There exist two essential forms of competitive advantage that a corporation can have power over: the low expenditure otherwise differentiation. The two fundamental sorts of competitive advantage united with the possibility of actions for which Lufthansa seeks out to accomplish them, show the way to the three generic strategies for accomplishing the more than average performance within the international airline industry: the elements of cost leadership, the differentiation, in addition to the focus. The two suggested strategies that Lufthansa should opt for are the Cost as well as the differentiatio

BUS 401 MOD 5 SLP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BUS 401 MOD 5 SLP - Essay Example à ¡ndez has been the head of the tax department over the past few years for the company and is now been recognized and appointed as the chief financial officer. As a part of the role of the main duties include overlooking various departments like the administration, management and planning, risks, financial management, control, and also taxes for all of the subsidiaries. As clearly has been expressed in the website, â€Å"According to Deputy Chairman Mr. Pablo Isla, â€Å"the goal of this structure is to generate the highest possible number of synergies and to ensure the integrated management of the Financial Area† (INDITEX). Ignacio Fernà ¡ndez is a graduate of Economy and Business from the Coruà ±a University, he joined the company in 2001 and he has been in the fashion industry for quite some time. He served as a manager for the financial team in other small Spanish business and with his hard work and dedication has moved on to become the chief financial officer of INDITEX. The Vice President, Pablo Isla of INDITEX has also declared that, â€Å"Ignacio Fernà ¡ndez is in a key post as he must oversee the management of the financial section and also generate as much synergy as possible between different services† (Fashion Magazine). INDITEX has been known to be one of the most exciting companies and is known for the global fashion retail. The company has a strong Global Risk team which is set up which helps the company to maintain risk transparency as well as deal with the complex international insurances and programs which are crucial for the long term business relationships. The company has a strong set of risk management policies which have been defined and set down for several years and has proven to work very effectively for the company. Felix Poza, the Chief Risk Manager at INDITEX explains very clearly that every step is taken with utmost caution and the company tries to develop its back up plans before taking any step (Allianz). Clearly the company has a strong

The Effects Of Abortion Philosophy Essay

The Effects Of Abortion Philosophy Essay Unwanted pregnancy represents a major cost of sexual activity. It is predicted that abortion legalization generated incentives leading to an increase in sexual activity, accompanied by an increase in sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Using Centers for Disease Control data on the incidence of gonorrhea and syphilis by state, we test the hypothesis that abortion legalization led to an increase in sexually transmitted diseases. We found that gonorrhea and syphilis incidences are signi ¬Ã‚ cantly and positively correlated with abortion legalization. In fact, the  stress experienced by women who get abortions may stem not from the procedure itself but from the simple fact that the  pregnancy  is unwanted. In addition, the researchers found that womens  religious  affiliation had no effect on whether they had abortions; devout Catholics were just as likely to abort as women belonging to religions more tolerant of the procedure. Nor did religion affect womens long-term well-being after abortion, once education  level, income, and initial self-esteem were taken into account. Effect of religion in abortion, By  Lisa Tolin, published on July 01, 1997 last reviewed on June 14, 2012 A significant number of patients suffer psychological complications as a consequence of abortion, and 10-20% experience severe depression. The risk factors for such psychological complications originate with abortions performed under pressure, eugenic abortions, or late abortions, and with cultural or religious hostility against abortion. The response to abortion consists of four phases: phase 1 is short and comprises the immediate reaction and alleviation that the pregnancy is over; phase 2 can last for several weeks or months, with anxiety and even guilt being experienced by 20% of women 2 years after the abortion; phase 3 corresponds to a pathological phase, that is, when anxiety is transformed into disease in 10-20% of women (symptoms of this depressive disease include insomnia, crying, inability to concentrate, anxiety, and panic attacks); phase 4 consists of reactivated mourning. Treatment depends on the phase: for anxiety, counseling is indicated; for depression, anti-depressi on drugs; however, these are contraindicated in the first trimester if the patient becomes pregnant. For breast-feeding mothers, tricyclic antidepressants are indicated and during such treatment counseling should be suspended. Although the effects of such treatment methods have not been adequately assessed, it could be concluded that they do not cause any harm. The efficacy of treatment choices needs to be studied. The effects of  abortion  could be either physical or emotional and they will range with each woman who experienced this procedure. It may be difficult to tell beforehand who is at greater or lesser risk for such effects, and the fact that  abortion  is legal in most places certainly reduces risk of physical complication. That being said, there can be complications to this procedure of a physical and emotional nature, and it is wise to understand any possible risk factors. EMOTIONAL EFFECTS OF ABORTION Right after an  abortion, women may feel some soreness and cramping. This, and possibly bleeding from the procedure, which is generally no heavier than menstrual bleeding, may last for several weeks. Some women also experience stomach upset that can take the form of vomiting or simply nausea. These tend to be normal after effects of  abortion, but if women feel concerned they should contact their doctor or the clinic where the procedure was performed. Sometimes complications do arise after an  abortion, though risk of this is low. Women should watch in the first few weeks for signs or very heavy bleeding, fever, severe pain in the pelvis or severe stomach pain. These signs might suggest dangerous infection or hemorrhage and need immediate medical care. In extremely rare instances, death does occur during or after an abortion, but risk of this is about on par with risk of death during childbirth. There are also emotional effects of  abortion, which do exist and need to be noted and looked for. Of these, the most significant is the development of postpartum depression. Postpartum depression is a risk any time a pregnancy ends, at any stage and no matter how. The body can respond by becoming deeply depressed as pregnancy hormones rapidly fall. What this would suggest for most women seeking an  abortion  is that they have a strong support system; this could be the help of friends, group support, work with a counselor, or a supportive family. Isolation after an  abortion  tends to increase risk for serious depression, and the circumstances under which a woman gets an  abortion  may also make depression more or less likely. Those who feel conflicted about the decision or must keep it secretive may suffer more. Other emotional effects of  abortion  exist. Some people feel guilt, while others feel relief. Without full-blown post-partum depression, some women may still feel tearful, moody, or simply endure a difficult emotional ride during the first few weeks to several months after abortion. Again, not all women have this experience, but some do. Understanding the effects of  abortion  allows women to make informed choices. There are strong arguments for and against this procedure, and people on both sides of this issue may frequently hold up one or two of the effects as a reason for or against having an  abortion. What is most important is that effects be neither aggrandized nor minimized. It is important for anyone who faces this decision to understand effects clear of taint of a political position. PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF ABORTION When an abortion is performed on a woman, she becomes subject to many physical complications. Blood loss during the procedure causes diversion of blood flow to various organs and can result in shock. When the canal of the cervix is dilated, the insides of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and the abdominal cavity are exposed to invasion by bacteria. Abdominal infection can cause peritonitis and abscess formation. Severe hemorrhage often follows an abortion. Instruments can perforate the uterus causing injury, infection, and bleeding to internal organs. Deaths from abortions, although rare, are usually from heavy bleeding from complications with anesthesia. Women who have abortions increase their risk of breast cancer by fifty percent, according to a new study in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Abortion of a first pregnancy interrupts the natural growth process of the breast, leaving millions of cells at a high risk. It has been found that future pregnancy failure is increased by forty-five percent with just one previous abortion. Other complications are a greater risk of premature births, tubal pregnancy, sterility, and damage to the cervix. As a result of abortion, women suffer many physical injuries. Not only do these women bear physical side effects, but they also suffer many emotional side effects. Among these are depression, long-term grief reactions, anger, sexual dysfunction, guilt, flashbacks, memory repression, suicidal ideas, and difficulty keeping close relationships. In a new study by post-abortion researcher David Reardon, who operates the Elliot Institute for Social Sciences Research in Springfield, Illinois, it was found that twenty-eight percent of women who had abortions later attempted suicide, and over half of these women did so more than once. Drug and alcohol abuse increased four times among women who aborted compared to those who carried to term. Ninety-eight percent of women regretted having had an abortion. Seventy-two percent of women said their abortion did not improve their life. Twenty percent of post-abortive women reported a nervous breakdown, and ten percent were hospitalized for psychiatric care. Of the two hundred and sixty women surveyed, over sixty percent said their abortion made their life worse. Written By:  Tricia Ellis-Christensen Edited By:  O. Wallace Last Modified Date:  31 October 2012 Copyright Protected:  2003-2012  Conjecture Corporation SPIRITUALL EFFECTS OF ABORTION In addition, abortion hurts women spiritually because it is not simply a process of evacuating the contents of a uterus, but the ending of a human life. God states in the sixth commandment, Thou shall not murder. Each baby is created by God and is part of His plan as stated in Psalms 139:13-14, You made all the delicate inner parts of my body and knit them together in my mothers womb you saw me before I was born and scheduled each day of my life before I began to breathe Human life does not begin when the baby breathes, or when its heart begins to beat, buts its life is continuous and inherited. Life is passed from family to family and recorded in the Bible back to the first human beings created by God, Adam and Eve. Professor Garret Hardin, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, stated Life ends often, but it never begins. It is just passed from one cell to another. All biologistsare in agreement with that When a women interrupts Gods plan of life through abortion, she may suffer spiritual void and separation from God. Not only do abortions end the life of a baby, but they also have harmful physical, emotional, and spiritual effects of the women involved. We need to protect and value all human life from the moment of conception to natural death. The future of America and our world rest on that. When people think about the role of men in abortion, it seems that they usually think about the stereotype of the man who forces the abortion or the male who abandons. However, there are many roles the man may have played in the experience. One man may have been involved in several abortions, each with a different scenario. The impact on fathers is mitigated by the role they play in the abortion. They fall into separate categories. National Library of Medicine (US); [updated 2006 Feb 24]. Abortion; [updated 2006 Feb 21; reviewed 2006 Feb 21; cited 2006 Feb 24]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/abortion.html EFFECT OF ABORTION ON MEN A man can come to recognize that an abortion experience touched him in many different ways. Each man has his own unique story but there seem to be some common elements. For men who opposed the abortion, the significance is immediate and impactful. He may think, contemplate or obsess about what happened. The experience is never far from his consciousness. The man who seems to agree, is neutral, supports the abortion or just abandons the partner may not have an active awareness of the significance of the experience until years later. Some trigger events for these men may be the birth of another child, seeing an ultrasound during a pregnancy, or a conversion experience of some kind that may bring it to the fore. It may be seeing an ad, reading an article or being aware of the Roe vs. Wade anniversary and the marchers around the country. It may be hearing someone elses abortion experience or suddenly being aware that the partner they had the abortion with is not doing well, if she is sti ll in his life. It may be that in seeking counseling for marriage problems, drug or alcohol abuse or sexual addiction, an astute counselor or pastor asks about past pregnancies and abortions. Something has opened the door to awareness that allows the man to begin considering the impact of an abortion experience in his life.   National Office of Post-Abortion Reconciliation and Healing  1-800-5WE-CARE   P.O. Box 070477, Milwaukee, WI 53207-0477 copyright 2007 NOPARH Conclusion Abortion is not the appropriate way to deal with any pregnancy, whether it is being intentional or non-intentional. This procedure should not be legal in any country. Children should be given the opportunity to live their lives. In my personal opinion, the procedure of partial birth abortion should be banned. This form of pregnancy abortion should be viewed by the pregnant women before they go through the procedure so that they can understand what they are about to do. I think all women contemplating an abortion should actually view an abortion procedure as well as understand what the negative psychological and physical effects they can have post abortion. I feel that women should be counseled before the procedure and have at least three days to consider the abortion facts, and health effects of abortion, as well as the implications of the procedure. The Lord said thou shall not kill, and having an abortion is like a legal life taking process.

Relational Database Model :: essays research papers

Comparing and Contrasting the Relational Database Model and OO Model The relational database model is based upon tables or relations. In this model, the physical implementation of the database is abstracted away from the user. Users query the database using a high-level query language, such as SQL. The relations are made up of columns, which have headings indicating the attribute represented by that column. Tables have key fields, which can be used to identify unique records. Keys relate tables to each other. The rows of the relation are also called tuples, and there is one tuple component for each attribute – or column – in that relation. A relation or table name, along with those relation’s attributes, make up the relational schema. Relational Database models are server-centric.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When designing a Relational Database, you must create a table for each entity type, choose or invent a primary key for each table; add foreign keys to represent one-to-many relationships; create new tables to represent many-to-many relationships; define referential integrity constraints; evaluate schema quality and make necessary improvements; and choose appropriate data types and value restrictions for each field (if necessary).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The real power of relational systems lies in the ability to perform complex queries over the data. Relational systems are well understood, and can be highly optimized in terms of queries, scalability, and storage. There is a uniqueness of table rows and primary keys, as well as ease of implementing future data model changes – flexibility and maintainability. To build an effective and efficient application in the relational model, the developer must have a comprehensive knowledge of the tables, and any relationships among them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Object oriented database management systems are viewed as an alternative approach to meeting the demands of more complex data types. The need to handle complex object-centric data as the main data element is the driving force behind Object Oriented database models. These systems attempt to extend Object Oriented programming languages, techniques, and tools to provide a means to support data management tasks. Object Oriented models are client centric. Object Oriented databases uses attributes containing object identifiers to find objects that are related to other objects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When designing an Object Oriented model, you must first determine which classes require persistent storage; define persistent classes; represent relationships among persistent classes; and choose appropriate data types and value restrictions for each field.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Object Oriented database models approach from the opposite direction (a programming language itself) to solve the problem of handling complex data types.

The Potential Role of Large Tour Operators for the Implementation

Table of contents Table of figures 2 List of abbreviations 2 Introduction and purpose statement 3 The potential role of large tour operators for the implementation of sustainable supply chain management in the tourism industry Conclusion 5 Bibliography 7 1 Table of figures Fig. 1: Exemplary tourism supply chain 5 List of abbreviations NGO Non-governmental organization SC supply chain SSCM sustainable supply chain management TOI Tour Operators Initiative for Sustainable Tourism Development 2 Introduction and purpose statementWith an exponentially growing population, the travel industry is expected to grow significantly in the near future. At the same time, different stakeholder groups pose a lot of pressure on this industry. Tourist are gaining awareness of the negative impacts of mass tourism on the environment as well as socio-economically speaking. As a result the demand for „green tourismâ€Å"-solutions is increasing. Furthermore, the financial market, governments as well as NGOs increasingly exert leverage on the industry to practice more sustainable tourism by means of legislation.Moreover, an intact environment is the invaluable asset for the tourism industry, preserving it means serving the self-preservation of the tourism industry. 1 Indisputably, tourism has to transform in to a more environmentally friendly and sustainable business. The implementation of environmental management systems as well as the alignment of the whole supply chain are important tools to support this transformation. In this paper I chose the tour operator stage of the supply chain as the focal point, because it acts as a link between the supply and demand side of tourism.Hereafter, I present how the structural properties of large tour operators provide them with special responsibility to promote the implementation of sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) systems in the tourism industry. The potential role of large tour operators for the implementation of sustainable supply chain management in the tourism industry Tourism, no different from other industries, is organized in supply chain (SC) structures since its products/services are composed of multiple elements as e. g. ransportation, entertainment, travel agencies and accommodation. 2 Aiming for sustainability therefore me ans to strive for a long-term improvement of the economic, social and environmental performance, not only of an isolated company or product but its whole SC. This concept is also known to literature as the â€Å"triple bottom line†-approach. 3 Suring and Muller define SSCM as â€Å"the management of material, information and capital flows as well as cooperation among companies along the supply chain while taking goals from all three dimensions of sustainable development, i. e. economic, environmental and social, into account which are derived from customer and stakeholder requirementsâ€Å". 4 Large tour operators resemble a key role in this constellation because they have the means to 1 2 Clarke (1997) Sigala (2008) 3 Kleindorfer, Singhal & Van Wassenhove (2005) 4 Seuring & Muller (2002), p. 1700 3 reverse logistics measurement mechanisms B management, transparency and stakeholder dialogue Worldwide environmental reporting of hotels, airlines, destinations, shareholdings a nd at every step of the value chain with a continuous improvement process ritically reviews thethe practicesidentifying the SCM tools and or importance of and induceis also highlighted in sustainable SCM influence literature for of the individual suppliers distributors information the implementation ? literature; Seuring and Muller [20] reported that insuf? cient or critical success factors for implementing the former. of al. [24] identi? ed three SC tools to regulate the missing SC communication a tourism flows, Cigolini etSSCM-practices as well asnamely information dissemination and volumeisof major barrier to sustainable SCM implementation. ools, coordination and control tools, and organisation tools. which indirectly influences the economic development of the travel control tools areIt is part of Coordination and destinations. utilized to monitor and inInformation tools (e. g. online connections, automated identi? cation ? uence the decision-making process, by measuring performa nces systems such as barcodes and shared databases) are utilized to their transmit to act as â€Å"gatekeepers† while linkingand setting rewards basedcustomers. Knowing the suppliers to the on the achievement of certain results. A gather, analyze, functionand share data, regarding customer data, SC performance metric system, including a set end-to-end inventory status and locations, order status, costs that it becomes obvious that tour operators may also significantly performancethe design bothof parameters that influence metrics of of the whole SC (as fully describe the the related data and performance status.Data sharing ensures that perceived by end are often bound actor of participating members will be products areuse of shared in- because supplierscustomers, and of each to this the chain), is components their able to make composed of a necessity for ensuring trustworthiness and accountability [25]. formation to help design and deliver products that ful? l customer Hence, instead of functional-cost-oriented metrics requirements more quickly and 6effectively.Visibility of position in the SC tour operators act also as nodes for that are often distribution channel. Due to their central perforachieved at the expense of another member, integrated metrics are mance metrics enables members to address production and quality communication between the different entities of required. However, research in SCM performance measurement has issues more quickly permitting more agile demand planning. The the SC, with communication being a critical factor for the successful implementation of SSCM-practices. Tourism Demand Providers of tourism infrastructure Hotels, resorts, golf courts, restaurants, museums and other tourism related suppliers such as water and power supply, road infrastructure airports etc Tour operators Travel Agents Other tourism intermediaries such as internet websites, destination organizations etc Leisure travelers Conference travelers etc Direct ion of money, documents, and information flows Fig. 1. Tourism supply chain. Fig. 1 Exemplary tourism supply chain (Sigala, 2008, p. 1591) Tour operators can draw profits from promoting SSCM-practices along their SC.Since any effort made to make the own product or service more environmental friendly is perceived well among customers (at least as long that does not drive up the price), the tour operators can turn this image-improvement into a unique selling point. For instance TUI uses a self-designed environment ranking to evaluate their products. 8 This resembles a logic response to the growing public awareness of environmental impact of mass tourism and acts as an incentive for the tour operators to evaluate the environmental performance of their suppliers (e. . trough ISO 14001, EMAS or similar certification concepts). 9 Even though the majority of the large tour operators do have some kind of sustainability policies in place, the real impact on their business is so far insuffici ent. Tour operators often try to justify this trough a lack of demand and state that the majority of customers shops for packages of the lowest price. But the nature of tourism-products has it, that the tourists themselves are co-producing the product, while it is being consumed, which makes them part 5 6Tepelus (2005), Budeanu (2009) Van Wijk & Persoon (2006) 7 Sigala (2008) 8 Clarke (1997) 9 Budeanu (2009) 4 of the supply chain. 10 In other words, implementing an SSCM in the tourism-industry also encompasses the education of the consumer. Tour operators are predestinated for this task, since their position in the SC allows them to exercise influence over the consumers choices. Still, this is asking a lot from operators, since the tour operating-business is a very competitive industry accompanied with relatively low profit margins of about 2% and customer-loyalty being not exactly widespread.This might well be part of the reason why a lot of tour operators pursue â€Å"green washi ng† without seriously engaging in long-term SSCM-changes. 11 Another one of the main issues clearly is the variety of certification schemes and the low participation of suppliers. It is doubtful that an individual label will reach a critical mass in national tourism, even though the establishment of an internationally recognized unified label could be a powerful tool: it could help to reduce consumer confusion and act as an indicator for quality for those tourists searching for green tourism services, increasing credibility.If tour operators feel compelled to search for suppliers carrying this specific label in order to meet their customers needs, also suppliers would have to comply with it in avoidance of risking their business relationship to the tour operator. This would provide the operators with a broader range of certified products to choose from. 12 In this case, it would have to be assured, that this accreditation cannot be obtained by devious means or through just an individual examination to avoid the allegation of â€Å"green washingâ€Å". Currently, most tour operators apply their own standards, tailored to their business activities. 3 This is partly due to the fact, that many certification schemes address small-scale tourism when it is really the mass tourism that needs to green the industry. Despite the fact that Europe is a forerunner in the sustainability discussion, there are hardly any regulations regarding the tour operator-business. Tour operators need to be provided with stronger incentives and effective tools to proactively enhance their own and their SC’s sustainability performance. 14 Conclusion Sustainable development in the tourism industry will take time. It requires a change of culture and governance.Tour operators are very well aware of their role and the responsibility they have in order to transform the tourism industry into a more sustainable one, acting as a hub for communication and collaboration. But since the re are no generally accepted frameworks or 10 11 Sigala (2008) Van Wijk & Persoon (2006) 12 Font (2002) 13 Budeanu (2009) 14 Van Wijk & Persoon (2006) 5 tools, many don’t see the necessity to fully comply. The most important step to take next is therefore the establishment of well-recognized standardized metrics for sustainable performance among tour operators and suppliers to set the stage for extensive SSCMimplementation.An initiative that was created to answer this purpose is the United Nations Environment Programme named â€Å"Tour Operators Initiative for Sustainable Tourism Development† (TOI), which could not be discussed here, due to he brevity of this paper. Future research should also address to tour operator-networks respectively tourism-SCs outside Europe since SSCM-practices might be used by tour operators as a tool to raise the awareness of suppliers in the destinations. 6 Bibliography Budeanu, A. (2009). Environmental supply chain management in tourism: T he case of large tour operators.Journal of Cleaner Production, 17(16), 1385-1392. Clarke, J. (1997). A Framework of Approaches to Sustainable Tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 5(3), 224-233. Font, X. (2002). Environmental certification in tourism and hospitality: progress, process and prospects, Tourism Management, 23(3), 197-205. Kleindorfer, P. R. , Singhal, K. & Van Wassenhove, L. (2005). Sustainable Operations Management. Production and Operations Management, 14(4), 482–492. Seuring, S. & Muller, M. (2008). From a literature review to a conceptual framework for sustainable supply chain management.Journal of Cleaner Production, 16(15), 1699– 1710. Sigala, M. (2008). A supply chain management approach for investigating the role of tour operators on sustainable tourism: the case of TUI. Journal of Cleaner Production, 16(15), 1589-1599. Tepelus, C. M. (2005). Aiming for sustainability in the tour operating business. Journal of Cleaner Production, 13(2), 99-107. Van Wijk, J. & Persoon, W. (2006) A Long-haul Destination: Sustainability Reporting Among Tour Operators. European Management Journal, 24(6), 381-395. 7