How women are portrayed in the Wessex Tales Essay Example

How women are portrayed in the Wessex Tales Essay Example How women are portrayed in the Wessex Tales Paper How women are portrayed in the Wessex Tales Paper In this essay I will explore the ways that Thomas Hardy portrays women in his book the Wessex Tales. Womens reputations and their appearances were of paramount importance. A womans role during 1840 and after in society was to look very decorative towards men. In the tale The Withered Arm there is two main female characters Rhoda Brook and Gertrude Lodge and from the very beginning of this tale these two women are contrasted, mainly because of their appearances. Gertrude Lodge is described as a rosy cheeked, tisty-tosty little body while Rhoda Brook is describes as solitary, thin and a fading woman of thirty While Gertrude is described as blooming and beautiful like a flower in full bloom. Rhoda is described as a withered old flower which has been neglected. This description is true, because Farmer Lodge neglected Rhoda, because she was getting older and he only went for young, beautiful and attractive women. Farmer Lodge sonly after he had neglected Rhoda for the beautiful Gertrude as a good replacement. This suggests that women need men just for survival and in order to blossom. Thomas Hardy portrays women in all different kinds of ways throughout his Wessex Tales. Rhoda Brook and Gertrude Lodge are heavily portrayed during the tale The Withered Arm. Hardy gives all women throughout his tales a fully descriptive description which helps the reader understand what women were like in the 19th century. Most of Hardys tales are about very young and beautiful women throwing themselves at men and marrying them at a young age. Soonly after the man realises that the woman he married isnt beautiful anymore he moves out and divorces her and finds another young lady to marry. In the Three Strangers, there is only one main female character, Mrs Fennel, the wife of a shepherd which it tells us at the beginning of the tale. At the beginning of the tale, Hardy portrays women at a party by telling the reader all about their appearances and what there personalities are like and what they are wearing at the current time. The main character Mrs Fennel is portrayed in a negative kind of way and is called frugal woman when introduced to the reader. Hardy from the start of the tale doesnt want the reader to like Mrs Fennel after his comment of calling her frugal. Mrs Fennel was the orchestrate of the party and she decided on what everyone else had to do and at what time they should do it. In one instance, Mrs Fennel trys to distract the musicians that are playing music at the party, but when they just ignore her, Mrs Fennel sits down in a tired mind. The reader maybe has sympathy for Mrs Fennel, but Hardy is trying to convince the reader that she isnt a nice woman. In the tale The Melancholy Hussar of the German Legion there is only one main female character, Phyllis Grove who lives with her father. Phyllis is a single woman and thinks her future is merely bleak while she is living with her father on a farm. In reality, Phyllis wanted a man to love, marry and be with for the rest of her life. This is shown when Hardy says the daughters seclusion was great and she became so shy that if she met a stranger she felt ashamed at his gaze, walked awkwardly, and blushed to her shoulders. Hardy makes the reader learn that every man or stranger walks past Phyllis she blushes and feels embarrassed to talk to him, even if she likes him. When the German army came to were Phyllis lives, one of the Hussars notices Phyllis, she immediately likes the Hussar soldier and Hardy writes a short sentence to make out Phyllis wasnt blamed for liking him. In Fellow-Townsmen there are two main female characters. Throughout the tale, Thomas Hardy contrasts the differences between one relationship and another. Mrs Barnet is a wealthy young woman married to Mr Barnet and Mrs Downe maybe more badly off than Mrs Barnet and also is married to Mr Downe. The relationships of both of the couples are widely different to each other when Mrs Downe and Mrs Barnet are swept out to sea. When the news of Mrs Downes death had come through, Mr Downe was sobbing badly and was distraught to here the death of his wife. Mrs Barnet was saved and resuscitated by her husband, but soon left him to live with a close friend and showed no feelings for him after Mr Barnet had saved her life. Mr Barnet wasnt really bothered about his wife leaving him as it meant that he could try and get his neighbour Lucy Savile to marry him. In the tale Interlopers at the Knap, it begins with two men talking to each other about women. Farmer Darton comments on the girl he is about to be married to. Farmer Darton is going to marry a young girl called Sally Hall, who is living with her mother. Hardy describes Sally as strong minded, independent an that she is very emotional in her views. Hardy makes the reader to like Sally and portrays her in positive way and that she wants to marry well for her family. Farmer Darton is happy to marry Sally, because he thinks that marrying someone who is less down the order in wealth than himself will mean that Sally will look up to him. During the tale, Farmer Darton describes Sally to a close friend as just being simple. This tells the reader that Darton doesnt think Sally is really anything special just a woman he can begin to love for a couple of years and then divorce and move onto another young woman who is desperate to marry a wealthy man When Sally is waiting for Farmer Darton to turn up with her wedding dress, she says to her mother; I dont care if he comes or not. This shows that Sally isnt really that keen on marrying Farmer Darton in the first place and is showing that there relationship is on leaps and bounds and there is a weakness between them. Throughout all the tales of Thomas Hardy, portrays women differently in each individual story. Hardy describes some women in his tales as weak and vulnerable, whereas in other tales they can be strong minded and independent. Hardy does this to create a lot of tension for the reader to be engaged in the lives of woman during the 18th century.

How to Save Money in College 12 Expert Tips

How to Save Money in College 12 Expert Tips SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You probably already know that college costs can be pretty intimidating. If you’re on a budget when it comes to paying for your degree (and most people are), knowing how to save money in collegecan make a big difference. Here, I’ll talk a little bit about what college expenses you should be prepared forso that you have a better idea of what to expect. Then, I’ll discuss strategies for saving money before you get there, in addition to strategies for saving as a college student. Let’s get started! How Much Does College Even Cost? Before we get into strategies for how to save money in college, let’s talk a bit about what an undergraduate degreeactually costsfor students in the US. First, some key terms: Cost of Attendance (CoA) -Total amount of money it costs for an average student to attend a particular school for one year. This figure includes everything you could think of: tuition, room, board, transportation, books, personal expenses, etc. You could also call this a school’s â€Å"sticker price† - it’s what a student would pay if she didn’t get one dollar of financial aid.Keep in mind this is an average figure - if a student lives especially far from the school and pays more in transportation cost, for example, his CoA might be higher. Net Price - Total amount of money a student actually pays to attend a particular school for one year. This is what you actually pay out of pocket, after accounting for grants and scholarships.Put simply, Net Price = Cost of Attendance - (Grants Scholarships). This figure matters way more than a school’s CoA because it’s what you actually have to budget for. The lower your Net Price, the better off you’ll be. When students first start research on college expenses, they tend to look at the CoA, or the sticker price. This isn’t necessarily a bad place to start, but a more sophisticated way of looking at prospective schools is to consider your likely Net Price instead of the schools’ CoA. This information will be important when we get into cost-saving strategies. Facts and Figures Now that we’ve gotten that background info out of the way, we can talk about what the current college cost landscape looks like. All the prices in this section are sticker prices, or what costs that make up a school's CoA (so, not the average student's Net Price - don't freak out yet). The biggest expenses you’ll need to consider are tuition fees and room board. Average Tuition Fees For the 2014-2015 academic year, average tuition fee costs were†¦ $31,231 at private colleges $9,139 for state residents at public colleges $22,958 for out-of-state residents at public colleges Average Room Board For the 2014-2015 academic year, average room board costs were†¦ $,188 at private 4-year colleges $9,804 at public 4-year colleges You’ll have to account for some other minor expenses as well - these costs will depend on more variable factors. For more detailed information about expenses, check out our complete guide to college costs. These expenses can be really overwhelming for one year, never mindfor four. The good news is that there are a lot of things you can do to increase your available income and decrease your expenses, both before and during college. 4 Ways to Save Before You Get to College As with most things, saving for college is easier if yougive yourself more time to get started. The earlier you start budgeting for college expenses, the better. More time means more opportunities to tackle and plan for large expenses in your future. There are two main ways you can deal with these big costs: You can work on increasing your income/available cash You can work on decreasing your expenses Both strategies effectively do the same thing. In order to be most effective, you should concentrate on both increasing income and decreasing expenses.Here are the best ways to do that before you matriculate: Increase Your Income #1: Apply for Scholarships There are so many private scholarship programs available, from small local awards to huge national and even international competitions. Scholarships can be based on any number of criteria: financial need, academic merit, sports performance, volunteer work, ethnic background, professional interests, and more. Half the work is finding scholarships that would be a good fit for you. It’s great to apply for those well-known national scholarships (like the McDonald’s, Gates Millennium, and Coca-Cola awards), but they tend to be very competitive, so it’s smart to have backups in place. Look for local or state scholarships (like the Florida Bright Futures scholarship), or for scholarships that match your unique interests and background. Start by checking out our guides to scholarships for high school juniors and seniors. Do your own research by googling any important descriptors - like your location, interests, or sport of choice - + â€Å"scholarship.† #2: Get a High School Job This might be the most obvious way to increase your income before you leave for college. The tough part is figuring out whether a job is right for you - you don’t want to sacrifice your grades or extracurriculars, especially because high school jobs aren’t likely to pay very much. Learn more about figuring out whether getting a job learn more about whether a job might be a good fit for you (link out - should you get a job) If you work full-time during the summers, you can get both professional experience AND a more substantial paycheck to save up for college e.g. If you work full time at $9/hr for eight weeks, that comes to $2880 (before tax). That could cover your personal and textbook expenses for a whole year if you budget carefully Decrease Your Expenses #3: Apply to the Right Schools Different schools will be able to offer you different sized financial aid packages. If you’re strategic about where you apply to school, you’ll do yourself a favor by reducing your costs right off the bat. If you’re applying to public schools, you should focus on those located in your home state. Public school tuitions are often much higher for out-of-state residents. (There may be exceptions to this rule if you think you'd qualify for high amounts of merit aid). Know what schools offer the best aid, whether it’s need-based or merit-based. Even though a school’s sticker price might be high - private schools often have higher CoAs - you might end up with a better Net Price if the school has generous financial aid policies. The most important thing to remember is that CoA isn't very helpful when it comes to choosing cost-effective schools. What you should care about is your estimated Net Price at a particular school. Spend some time doing Net Price calculations (it’s easy - get more info in our article on college costs) to figure out which schools may offer you the best out-of-pocket price. #4: Focus on Your Grades and Test Scores One of the best ways to get a good Net Price is to get into a school that offers generous financial aid, as I mentioned above. So what types of schools give students the best Net Prices? Well, schools that offer generous financial aid are often well-ranked private schools (they tend to offer a lot of need-based aid), or private schools that are trying to attract more competitive students (they tend to offer a lot of merit-based aid). In-state public schools also tend to be affordable for state residents. If your grades and ACT/SAT scores wererelatively high for a particular school, chances are good that you would: Get accepted to the school Be offered need-based financial aid (if any was available) Qualify for merit-based aid (if any was available) You may also qualify for merit scholarships if you were recruitedfor a particular sport. You can see how you stack up to other applicants and calculate your chances for admission for almost any school. All you have to do is Google "PrepScholar [school name] admissions" for more information. 7 Ways to Save Money inCollege I do not recommend saving money by using a belt instead of a backpack. Once you get to college, you’ll have a lot on your plate - classes, friends, extracurricular activities, and more. Managing your finances and saving money should become a part of your daily routine if you want to be successful in the long run. These next strategies will help you manage your income and spending on a daily basis once you’re a student. While you’re reading, think of other ways you can increase your income and decrease your expenses. Increase Your Income #1: Keep Applying for Scholarships As you hone your academic and professional interests, you may be able to find scholarships or grants that are a good fit for yourgoals. You don’t have to be a high school student in order to qualify for many scholarships (the Tylenol scholarship is a good example of this). Check with your academic department and/or career center for more information about possible scholarship awards. Also, Google is your friend!Use both general and specific search terms to catch as many award options as possible (e.g. "healthcare scholarships" versus "dental school scholarships for women"). #2: Get a Job On Campus Campus jobs are great options for college students, especially for those who have work study awards. They’re often conveniently located, pay better than jobs available to high school students, offer better personal and professional connections, and align better with future career goals. If you work 15 hours/week at $10/hr for two 20-week semesters, you’d make $6,000 per year. You could obviously make way more than that if you work during summers or long breaks. For more information, check out or guide to on-campus jobs (coming soon). Decrease Your Expenses #3: Make (and Stick to) a Budget This approach might take some trial and error, but it's totally worth it in the end. Start by thinking - realistically - about how much money you spend each month in different categories (e.g. food, transportation, clothing, personal grooming, entertainment, etc.).Add all of these expenses to come up with a total amount. If this total amount is more than your expected monthly income, start cutting non-necessities from your budget. Read more about crafting a budget on a strict income. Ultimately, budgets only work if you adhere to them. You can manually tally the amount of money you spend each month, but that can get pretty tedious. Free money management tools like Mint can help streamline the process and help you be more successful in saving money. #4: Be Smart About Your Textbook Purchases The average student spends about $1,200 a year on textbooks- yikes. The good news isthere are a lot of things you can do to try to keep your textbook costs well below this average: Shop around - don’t just buy what’s available at your campus bookstore. Check prices on Amazon to see if it’s cheaper to order online. Buy your textbooks used, either from campus bookstores, online, or from a friend or classmate. Take advantage of textbook rentals if they’re offered at your school. Sell books back to the bookstore (or online via Amazon) if you won't be using them again. Alternatively, you can sell to classmates who need to take the class after you're done. Don’t buy books at all! See if they’re offered at the library, and if so, if it’ll be hard to get your hands on them(this can be the case if all your classmates have the same idea). If there’s too much competition for books at the library, it’s better to just buy or rent. #5: Look at Your Rooming Options Living on-campus can sometimes be more expensive than living off-campus, especially in areas where the average cost of living is pretty low. If it’s an option, consider looking at alternative housing options where you can split rent with a bunch of other students. Don’t forget to take other possible expense increases - like paying more for food and transportation- into account when calculating off-campus saving options. #6: Take Advantage of the Summer There are a lot of ways to use the summer months to your financial advantage. If you’re living off campus and are committed to paying rent through the summer (i.e. if you’ve signed a lease), you’ll want to make sure you take advantage of that housing: If you'll be staying somewhere else for the summer, try to find someone to sublet. Students taking summer courses often need short-term housing options. Alternatively, stay in your housing for the summer to take summer classes yourself. By earning extra credits, you can possibly graduate earlier. If you live on campus and have to figure out housing plans for the summer, look into programs that might give you subsidized or free room and board. Summer RA jobs might be a good place to start. #7: Seek Out Student Discounts On and around college campuses, restaurants and retail stores often offer small student discounts to college kids who have their IDs handy. A 10% discount is pretty standard - helpful, but not necessarily huge. You can also check out this list of national retailers and restaurants that offer special deals to college students. This tiponly works if you’re sticking to a budget, as outlined above. Discounts can sometimes entice people to spend money they wouldn't usually spend, so only seek out deals you would purchase anyways. Student discounts are great .. as long as you don't turn into this lady and buy everything you see on sale. Final Points Thinking about saving money over the course of four years is overwhelming, to say the least. Although it'll help to have the above strategies for how to save money in college - especially as you make big financial decisions - it's OKto take things one day at a time. To be honest, the big financial decisions are going to be the ones that affect your finances the most. If you make prudent decisions when it comes tochoosing your school, housing option, and food plans, it'll be much easier to budget for those day-to-day expenses. Finally, just because you're a college student on a limited budget doesn't mean you can't spend money on anything fun. As long as you don't go overboard (and you stick to a budget, asI mentioned earlier), it's OKto indulge in small treatslike a movie, a new sweater, or a night out with friends. Don't forget to budget for college experiences like these! What's Next? Making smart financial decisions before and during college is important when it comes to your financial future. If you want to be even more prepared to tackle your education expenses, check out our complete guide to paying for college - it'll cover some bigger points about how to budget for the next four years. If you anticipate that covering all your expenses will be an issue, you should read our post on how to get student loans. But don't take out any more loans than you have to - see if you can get scholarship awards to help with those costs! Start with our lists of the top scholarships for high school juniors and seniors. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Afghan employment by foreign contractors Dissertation

Afghan employment by foreign contractors - Dissertation Example Afghanistan is a landlocked Islamic country which has been at the crossroads of many cultures and civilizations.   In ancient times, Afghanistan had been invaded and subdued by Persians, Greeks, Macedonians and Aryans (Scarborough, 1998).   Especially during the 1st and 2nd centuries, Afghanistan became a central and strategic trading site of the famed Silk Road that linked Rome and China and which brought not only commodities such as silk, porcelain etc to Afghanistan but also arts, religions (Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity and Islam) and most especially, the †equally important currency ideas† (Clammer, 2007,p.652).   In more modern times, Afghanistan had been the bone of contention between Britain and Russia in what is called â€Å"The Great Game† (Garthoff 1997,p.977) and between Russia and the USA in what is called â€Å"The Cold War† (Walker 1995,p.356).   Despite the land’s difficult terrain with its high mountains and plateaus, steep ridges, deep valleys and its remote position, Afghanistan is the ideal buffer zone and the arena for balance of power (Ewans, 2002).   According to Grau (1998)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Afghanistan was, to the Russians, an outlet to the Indian Ocean and an extension of  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Russian expansionism for the British it was an important shield to protect India, Pakistan and other British territories from Russian hegemony. But the Russians prevailed in the struggle for control of Afghanistan when Britain granted independence to India and Pakistan, thus leaving a power vacuum.   The latter signaled the entry of USA as rebel group.

Why Does Locke Believe That Slavery Violates Natural Law Essay

Why Does Locke Believe That Slavery Violates Natural Law - Essay Example Slavery is contrary to the law of nature as the man does not surrender his liberty when becoming the member of society. He is not coerced by any legislative authority since that legislative power in the â€Å"commonwealth† is entrusted by the consent of the individual, not by coercion or restraints of law and the legislative takes care of the trust of the people of the commonwealth. â€Å"[Individual is] not to be subject to the inconstant, uncertain, unknown, arbitrary will of another man: as freedom of nature is, to be under no other restraint but the law of nature.†(1) (italics are of the writer) A man can not surrender his freedom to any arbitrary power for surrendering his freedom puts his life at stake.In that state, he does not have â€Å"power of his own life† therefore by consent or by force he does not allow any absolute power to make him a slave. Though Locke confessed that in the past, (one must remember that empiricist eulogized the glory of past), i n the Jews and in other nations people sold themselves (Locke is not ready to believe that they were made slaves instead he deliberately used the phrase â€Å"men did sell themselves†) to do the manual work. Locke says that it is evident that the person who sold himself voluntarily did not become a slave of some despot. Bertrand Russell suggests that this theory of the law of nature and the state of nature is clear but puzzling also. Locke is utilitarian in his ethics but in his thoughts, he does not seem to think by following his own utilitarian ethics. His theory is confounded on the subject of good laws and bad laws. He is indebted to Bible for his parameters of ethics as to him moral rules are Divine rules so it is the law of nature to decide which action is good and which one is punishable. The great objection to the law of nature is that in the state of nature there is no judge to decide the disputes of the people and a person has to defend his rights.

Olympus Dictation Management System Analysis

Olympus Dictation Management System Analysis Introduction Olympus Dictation Management System is a software which allows the user to transcribe mp3, mp4 or wav files dictated by doctors, lawyers, solicitors etc. The main window looks as follows once the software is running. The developer made the software quite easy and straight forward to use. Title Bar: Displays Windows title bar with the file path. Menu bar Menu used with dictation module Tool bar Three groups of tool bar: Standard, Edit and Send Playback control bar: Plays audio files in the Contents list view, it is similar to the Playback Control screen Device Tree View Devices that are connected will display its folders in the Tree View. Content List View: List of audio and/or document files in the folder selected. Properties View: displays the properties of the file. Clicking the doubled arrow brings up the Properties Panel. Status Bar: Displays the number of contents and the number of selected contents, how files are automatically sent via email or FTP, displays author ID Features of a Playback Control Bar The bar is obtained by clicking (Switch to Playback Control Window) Whilst typing the bar stays on the screen with most important options used. 1. Moves to the previous Index Mark or edge of a verbal comment Rewinds the file, when holding down speeds up rewinding Starts the playback, pressing during the playback stops it Fast forward, holding down speeds up fast forwarding    Moves to the next Index Mark 2. Counter displays current playback time Audio/Instruction Comment Mode Switches between audio playback and Instruction comment playback. It indicates the priority of a file. 3. These options in the tool bar because quite useful while transcribing. The tick is called the Index Mark it can mark certain time on the playback if there is a difficulty making out the word being said, the tick next to it takes off the Index mark when no longer needed. The book icon shows a list of index marks Refresh sign is used when new files are being imported but not seen in the window, refreshes the list making the other files visible. Playback Control Window simply minimalizes the window just to the Control Bar. Not only the software is needed but also the hardware which contains a foot pedal with headphones. [i]The foot pedal is connected to the computer via USB cable along with the headphone set. There are usually three functions on the foot pedal which can be changed at any time through the setting in the software. The pedals can be set to control speed, rewind and play/pause. Word processing offers a spellcheck feature when typing documents. Performing a spell check through, after and before printing the document should be vital to any typists, as well as spellchecking also proofreading produced documents plays a big part using. There are certain words that Word may not catch when running the spellcheck it is important to read your own work before handing it to a doctor, patient or any other person it creates an unprofessional image. [ii] Spell it Rite There are number of online dictionaries / thesauruses which can help spelling of the medical terms and getting to familiarize yourself with the most useful sites are e.g. https://www.merriam-webster.com/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ http://www.medilexicon.com/ https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ When typing names of drugs the best way of not making up the words is actually checking if they exist and what is the correct name of them in MIMS (Monthly Index Of Medical Specialities) or https://www.drugs.com/ Accurate use of spelling and punctuation in dictated material [i] https://www.olympus-europa.com/site/en/a/audio_systems/professional_dictation/audio_transcription/as_7000/index.html [ii] http://www.fireflydaily.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Misspelled.jpg

Darko Suvin’s “Metamorphoses of Science Fiction” Essay

In Darko Suvin’s â€Å"Metamorphoses of Science Fiction,† Suvin argues that science fiction should be considered its own literary genre. The reason he believes science fiction is distinct from other literary genres is because of its transforming aspects. Suvin describes science fiction as the literature of â€Å"cognitive estrangement,† which includes a â€Å"novum†. It is his belief that both cognition and estrangement must be both present and interactive in science fiction. Although it can be argued that science fiction is not its own literary genre because of its similarities to myth, fantasy, and folktale, it is significantly different from these genres because of its ability to cause the reader to think in a new way about something that is familiar to him/her. Science fiction should be its own literary genre because of its unique ability to cause readers to re-think everyday assumptions. This is important, because if we were not open to change, we would not be able to advance as a culture. Suvin calls this idea estrangement, which he defines as â€Å"something that confronts a set normative system †¦ with a point of view or look implying a new set of norms† (4); meaning something that appears normal, is incorporated with something unknown. Estrangement, thus, would be the process of separating or distancing ourselves from the real world and allowing our minds to imagine or create something that doesn’t exist or might exist in the future. It is taking things that are familiar and making them unfamiliar or taking two things that are meant to be together and separating them from each other. So cognitive estrangement would be the separation or escape from our cognitive thinking or what the reader sees as the real world and allowing his/her mind to imagine and create something that is not of the real world. Suvin uses the example of the transforming mirror, which causes â€Å"a reflection of but also on reality† (10), which means a reflection of what is real and also how the viewer thinks about reality from a strange or new perspective (through the introduction of the novum). This causes his/her view of reality to be transformed. In â€Å"Metamorphoses of Science Fiction,† Darko Suvin defends his cited definition of Science Fiction as its own literary genre, by providing examples and pointing out the similarities and differences arising from the comparison of science fiction to myth,folktale, and fantasy. Suvin says that myths are similar to science fiction in the aspect that they both incorporate the usage of estrangement. However, he points out that there are also many differences between them as well. Science fiction sees the norms of reality as transformable and changeable, whereas myths are the complete opposites. They â€Å"conceive human relations as fixed and supernaturally determined†(8). This mean that the lives of characters are already made for them and that they do not have the ability to change what will happen to them. Folktale is also similar to science fiction where it defies the rules and laws of the empirical environment. However, folktales go above and beyond transforming the empirical environment, it creates a â€Å"closed collateral world indifferent to cognitive possibilities†(8). This means that in the world created in a folktale, anything is possible. He uses the example of a flying carpet, stating, â€Å"The flying carpet evades the empirical law of physical gravity†(8). This quote shows the difference between folktale and science fiction because a folktale creates something that is completely unfamiliar whereas science fiction takes something familiar and makes it unfamiliar. Similar to folktale, fantasy causes tension between the â€Å"arbitrary supernatural phenomena and the empirical norms they infiltrate. †(8) This means things that are completely unfamiliar to the reader intrude into what they see as real. For example in Harry Potter, wizards and witches â€Å"infiltrate† the real world without non-magical people knowing. This can cause confusion, because it does not completely create its own world, and it does not go by the rules and laws of our world, so it is in between the two worlds. Overall, in â€Å"Metamorphoses of Science Fiction†, Suvin creates a clear systematic approach to the defense of his definition of Science Fiction as â€Å"the literature of cognitive estrangement† and why it should be its own literary genre. He provides sufficient and convincing evidence to reinforce his claim by using identifying principles of science fiction, making comparisons, and providing an insightful explanation of his views.

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